Home> Faculty

Name:Yaowen Xie

Title: Professor 

Gender:male

Graduate College:Lanzhou University

Education:

Academic degree:

On-the-job information:Incumbency

Unit:

Initiation time:

Office location:

Mail box:xieyw@lzu.edu.cn

Learning Experience

1991:  BS, Geography education, Shaanxi Normal University

1994:  MS, Human Geography, Northwest Normal University

1994:  PhD, Physical Geography, Lanzhou University   

Research Direction

3S based environmental change research in arid areas 

Work Experience

1994-1996:  Assistant, Department of Geography, Lanzhou University.

1996-2003:  Lecturers, Department of Geography, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou Universitys.

2003-2009:  Associate Professor, Department of Geography, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University.

2009-Present:  Professor, Department of Geography, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University.

2003-2017:  Vice-director of RS&GIS Institute, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University.

2017-Present:  Director of RS&GIS Institute, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University. 

Courses

1. Cartography

2. Introduction to Geographic Information Science

3. Environmental Remote Sensing and its Application

4. Digital Map Design 

Research Findings

The main research results are as follows:
1. Dynamic monitoring of oasification and desertification and its ecological and environmental effects. With aviation and space remote sensing data and land use survey data as information sources, in the GIS environment, according to approximately 5 years interval and 1: The spatial and temporal changes of oases in the Heihe River Basin and hexi River basin in the past 60 years (1960-2017) and 30 years (1986-2015) were detected by means of superposition analysis. The spatial and temporal changes of oases in the Heihe River Basin in the past 60 years (1960-2017) and hexi River Basin in the past 30 years (1986-2015) were detected by means of superposition analysis. Combining natural environment evolution and the social economy, identify the dominant factor of oasis development and desertification space-time process, according to their level of determine the strength and the influence level, using the concept and mathematical model reveals the driving mechanism, analyzed the cause of the oasis development, characteristics and existing problems, discusses the regulatory mechanism of oasis change.
2. Restoration of space-time evolution of ancient oases in historical period. Mainly USES the historical geography research methods, by historical philology, archaeology, remote sensing and GIS as the research method, the detailed field investigation and archaeological investigation, on the basis of the predecessors' achievements, the historical documents, historical sites, natural and human activities, such as archaeological evidence, combining with multi-source remote sensing image as the background, through the ancient oasis interpretation, The area and quantity of oases in Minqin basin and Heihe Basin were reconstructed quantitatively, the spatio-temporal process of ancient oasis development and desertification was revealed, the influencing factors of oasis development and desertification were identified, and the driving mechanism was analyzed. It is found that the development of the ancient oases in Hexi reached its peak in han Dynasty, Wei Jin Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the intervening period was relatively depressed. Climate provides a natural background for the cultivation of oases, but the changes of oases are mainly caused by the change of dynasties.
3. Dynamic monitoring of urban historical change and expansion. From the perspective of urban historical evolution, discusses the lanzhou city from ancient history to modern city historical changes and extension of dynamic, combined with historical data and map of lanzhou city expansion changes in quantitative research, established the time sequence in the evolution of the lanzhou city, analyzed the lanzhou city change during the period of history, and extended dynamic mechanism and their causes, explores the modern city 3 d modeling correlation analysis method, With the improvement of political status, Lanzhou city has been paid more and more attention and gradually developed from a military traffic town to an important commercial center city.
4. Land use/cover change and environmental effects in arid regions. In maowusu desert as the main body of the northwest agriculture and animal husbandry ecotone, established a system of monitoring and evaluation based on remote sensing and GIS technology, analyzed the change of land use/cover change background, causes and the water is hot, reveal form the basic process of desertification, analyzes the mechanism of land desertification and land use/cover change on the influence of surface water heat process, Deepen the understanding of the relevant laws.
5. Resource and environment monitoring and management. Using remote sensing, GIS, GPS and other modern technologies, remote sensing quantitative analysis, monitoring evaluation and early warning management of soil erosion, remote sensing model recognition and automatic classification, regional resources and environment geographic information system development. A set of advanced and practical techniques and methods are summarized from survey methods, data collection, information processing, image interpretation, pattern recognition, system design and program writing.

Publications

Books:

1.       Xie Yaowen, Jiao Jizong, Wang Xiaoyun. 2018. Internship instruction in cartography. Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou, P.R. China.(the first editor)

2.       Yuan Kansheng, Xie Yaowen, et al. 2014. Modern cartography course(second edition). Science Press, Beijing, P.R. China.(associate editor)

3.       Jiao Jizong, Fang, Xie Yaowen, Shi Jianyao.2010. Geographic information system development: GIS of the Chinese Earth Ruin Based on SuperMap Objects, Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou, P.R. China.(the second author)

4.       Xie Yaowen, Chen Fahu, 2008. Exploitation and Evolution of Minqin Oasis: Land use / land cover change over the last 2000 years. Science Press, Beijing, P.R. China.(the first author)

5.       Yuan Kansheng, Xie Yaowen, et al. 2007. Modern cartography course. Science Press, Beijing, P.R. China.(coedit)

6.    Shi Shengren, Chen Huailu, Lei Ning and Xie Yaowen, 1998. Lanzhou City Records ? Land Records. Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou, P.R. China.(Associate editor)

Articles ( in English, 2003-2018 ):

1.       Huang Xiaojun, Xie Yaowen, Bao Yuhai. Spectral Detection of Damaged Level of Larch Affected by Jas' s Larch Inchworm, Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018, 38(3), 905-911; DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2018)03-0905-07.

2.       Wei, W., Xie, Y. W., Shi, P. J., Zhou, J. J. and Li, C. H. Spatial Temporal Analysis of Land Use Change in the Shiyang River Basin in Arid China. Polish journal of environmental studies. 2017, 26(4), 1789-1796; DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/68885.

3.       Zhang Xiuxia, Xie Yaowen. Detecting Historical Vegetation Changes in the Dunhuang Oasis Protected Area Using Landsat Images. Sustainability. 2017, 9(10):
1780; DOI: 10.3390/su9101780.

4.       Hao Yuanyuan, Xie Yaowen, Ma Jinhui and Zhang Wenpei. The critical role of local policy effects in arid watershed groundwater resources sustainability: A case study in the Minqin oasis, China. Science of the total environment. 2017, 610: 1084-1096; DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.177.

5.       Xie Yaowen, Bie Qiang, He Chansheng. Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China, Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2017, 3(11): 1401011, DOI: 10.1080/20964129.2017.1401011.

6.       Xie Yaowen, Wang Guisheng, Wang Xueqiang, Fan Peilei. Assessing the evolution of oases in arid regions by reconstructing their historic spatio-temporal distribution: a case study of the Heihe River Basin, China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 2017, 11(4): 629-642; DOI: 10.1007/s11707-016-0607-y.

7.       Shi Manjiang, Xie Yaowen, Cao Qi. Spatiotemporal Changes in Rural Settlement Land and Rural Population in the Middle Basin of the Heihe River, China. Sustainability. 2016, 8(7), 614; DOI: 10.3390/su8070614.

8.       F. H. Chen*, G. H. Dong*, D. J. Zhang, X. Y. Liu, X. Jia, C. B. An, M. M. Ma, Y. W. Xie, L. Barton, X. Y. Ren, Z. J. Zhao, X. H. Wu, M. K. Jones, 2014. Agriculture Facilitated Permanent Human Occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science, 2015, 347(6219): 248-250; DOI: 10.1126/science.1259172.

9.       Xie Yaowen,Wang Guisheng,Wang Xueqiang. Spatio-temporal process of oasification in the middle-Heihe River basin during 1368–1949 AD, China. Environmental Earth Sciences,Environ Earth Science, 2015, 73(4): 1663-1678; DOI: 10.1007/s12665-014-3519-8.

10.   Xie Yaowen,Zhao Hong,Wang Guisheng. Spatio-temporal changes in oases in the Heihe River Basin of China: 1963-2013. ?coscience, 2015, 22(01): 33-46; DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2015.1047140.

11.   Xie Yaowen, Chen Fahu, Qi Jiaguo. Past desertification processes of Minqin Oasis in arid China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2009, 16(4), 260-264; DOI:10.1080/13504500903268780.

12.   Wang Zhenting,Tao Shichen,Xie Yaowen,Dong Guanghui. Barchans of Minqin: Morphometry. Geomorphology 89, 2007, 405-411.

13.   Fan Peilei, Xie Yaowen, Qi Jiaguo, Chen Jiquan, Huang Huiqing. Vulnerability of a coupled natural and human system in a changing environment: dynamics of Lanzhou’s urban landscape. Landscape Ecology, 2004, 29(10): 1709-1723; DOI 10.1007/s10980-014-0061-8.

14.   Zhu Yan,Xie Yaowen,Cheng Bo,Chen Fahu,etc. Pollen transport in the Shiyang River drainage, arid China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(14): 1499-1506.

15.   Zhu Yan, Xie Yaowen, Cheng Bo, Chen Fahu, Zhang Jiawu. Preliminary studies on pollen transport in the Shiyang River drainage, arid China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(1): 529-530.

Articles ( in Chinese,2013-2018):

16.   Hao Yuanyuan, Xie Yaowen, Wei Wei, Mu Yachao, Zhang Lingling. Vegetation coverage and community diversity spatial distribution in Shule River Basin. Journal of Lanzhou University: Natural Sciences, 2018, 54(02):245-251; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2018.02.015.

17.   Jiang Zhuanfang, Xie Yaowen, Li Ruyan, Lv Lili, Mu Yachao. Spatio-temporal procccess of oasis in Yongchang County. Journal of Lanzhou University: Natural Sciences, 2018, 54(02):245-251; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2018.02.014

18.   Huang Xiaojun, Xie Yaowen, Bao Yuhai. Spectral Detection of Damaged Level of Larch Affected by Jas’s Larch Inchworm. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018,38(03):905-911; DOI: 10. 3964/j. issn.1000-0593(2018)03-0905-07.

19.   Zhang Xiuxia, Xie Yaowen, Lv Lili. Landscape changes in Dunhuang oasis for recent 30 years. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018, 32(03):170-175; DOI:10. 13448/j.cnki.jalre.2018.091.

20.   Li Hong, Xie Yaowen, Liang Dongxu. The Urban Spatial Pattern of Lanzhou City in Qing Dynasty Based on GIS and Historical Map. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2018,41(02):57-61+67.

21.   Zhang Wenpei, Xie Yaowen, Hao Yuanyuan. Spatio-temporal Variation Analysis of Gulang Oasis at the Southern Boundary Area of Tengger Desert. Geospatial Information, 2018, 16(02):54-57+11; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4623.2018.02.019; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4623.2018.02.019

22.   He Hongjie, Xie Yaowen, Zhai Shichang, Jiao Jizong. Research on the 3D modeling method of Lanzhou ancient city based on rules. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2018(08): 1-9[2018-06-25].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4415.P.20180201.1016.006.html.

23.   Mu Yachao, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Lingling, Chen Yunhai. An enhanced normalized difference impervious surface index. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2018, 43(02):83-87. DOI: 10.16251/j.cnki.1009-2307. 2018. 02. 015.

24.   Huang Xiaojun, Xie Yaowen, Bao Yuhai, Altanchimeg. Suitable distribution areas of Jas’s larch inchworm in Mongol is Plateau. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed.) , 2018, 46(04): 98-106; DOI: 10. 13207/j. cnki.jnwafu. 2018. 04. 012.

25.   Du Ting, Jiao Jizong, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Juan. Method Exploration for Quantitative Evaluation of Salinization Using Landsat Satellite Image: A Case Study of Guazhou-Dunhuang Area. Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2018,57(01):51-55; DOI: 10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2018.01.013.

26.   Liu Xiaojun, Xie Yaowen, Liang Dongxu, Zhang Wenpei. Design of The Atlas of City Historical Changes in Lanzhou based on visual perception. Journal of Geomatics, 2018, 43(4), DOI: 10.14188/j.2095-6045.2017026.

27.   Zhang Lingling, Xie Yaowen, Mu Yachao. Impact of topography on land use pattern in the central area of Lanzhou City. Journal of Lanzhou University: Natural Sciences, 2017, 53(5):604-608; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2017.05.007.

28.   Lv Lili, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Xiuxia, Li Hong, Li Ruyan. Changes in Guazhou oases between 1986 and 2015. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017 ,37(16): 5482-5491; DOI: 10.5846/stxb201701030025.

29.   Lu Hui, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Wenpei, Wei Jiaojiao. Spatiotemporal Change of the Oasis in Minqin County during the Period from 1986 to 2015. Arid Zone Research, 2017, 34(06): 1410-1417; DOI: 10. 13866/j.azr.2017.06. 25.

30.   Wei Wei, Xie Yaowen, Wei Xiaoxu, Xie Binbin,Zhang Qiang, Hao Yuanyuan. Land Use Optimization Based on CLUE-S Model and Ecological Security Scenario in Shiyang River Basin. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2017, 42(09): 1306-1315; DOI: 10. 13203/j. whugis20160051.

31.   Lv Lili, Xie Yaowen, Dong Longlong. The Comparison of Reflectance based on Different Terrain Correction. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2017, 32(04):751-759; DOI:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2017.4.0751.

32.   Lv Lili, Xie Yaowen, Huang Xiaojun, Zhang Xiuxia, Li Ruyan. Desertification Information Extraction Method Researchbased on the CART Decision Tree Classification. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2017, 32(03): 499-506; DOI:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2017.3.0499.

33.   Zhang Xiuxia, Xie Yaowen, Wei Jiaojiao, Lv Lili. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Landscapes in the Arid Dunhuang Oasis during the Period of 1986-2015. Arid Zone Research, 2017, 34(03): 669-676; DOI: 10.13866/j. azr.2017.03.25.

34.   Mu Yachao, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Lingling, Chen Yunhai. Analysis of the Impervious Surface Changes in Lanzhou City from 1994 to 2015. Geospatial Information, 2017, 15(02): 94-97+101+11; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4623.2017.02. 029.

35.   Huang Xiaojun, Xie Yaowen, Wei Jiaojiao, Fu Jiao, Lv Lili, Zhang Lingling. Automatic Recognition of Desertification Information Based on the Pattern of Change Detection-CART Decision Tree. Journal of Catastrophology, 2017, 32(01): 36-42; DOI: 10. 3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.01.008.

36.   Han Mengfei, Xie Yaowen. Analysis on spatial and temporal variation and influencing factors of the Yellow River lanzhou section from 1961 to 2015. Gansu Water Resources And Hydropower Technology, 2017, 53(01):1-5+21.

37.   Chen Yunhai, Mu Yachao, Xie Yaowen. Extraction of the wetland information in the middle reaches of Heihe River based on Landsat images. Journal of Lanzhou University: Natural Sciences, 2016, 52(05):587-592+598; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2016.05.003.

38.   Hao Yuanyuan, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Wenpei, Ning Baoshan, Lu Xinjun. The research progress on desert Lycium ruthenicum. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(9):1835-1845; DOI: 10. 11829/j.issn.1001-0629. 2015-0592.

39.   Shi Manjiang, Xie Yaowen, Cao Qi. The landscape evolution and mechanism analysis of rural settlements in the oasis of arid region. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(04):692-702; DOI: 10.11821/d1yj201604008.

40.   Chen Yunhai, Xie Yaowen, Xu Yinli, Liang Hao, Yang Baixin. The Driving Mechanism Analysis on the Spatial-temporal Changes of Shandan Oasis. Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2016,55(05):1129-1133. DOI: 10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2016.05.011.

41.   Zhang Lingling, Xie Yaowen, Zhang Hong. Analysis of flood disaster risk of Tongnan County, Chongqing based on GIS. Yangtze River,2016,47(03):5-8+26; DOI: 10.16232 / j.cnki.1001-4179. 2016.03.002.

42.   Han Xinyi, Xie Yaowen. The Automatic Extraction of Wetland Information in Arid Zone based on Decision Tree Algorithm——A Case Study in the Shule River Basin. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2015, 30(6): 1146-1152; DOI:10. 11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2015.6.1146.

43.   Wei Jiaojiao, Zhang Peifeng, Xie Yaowen. Study on the Methods of Vegetation Coverage Remote Sensing Estimation in Desert Oasis—A Case Study of Middle and Lower Reaches Plain in Shule River. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(32):385-388+392; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2015.32.133.

44.   Han Xinyi, Xie Yaowen. The Automatic Extraction of Wetland Information in Arid Zone based on Decision Tree Algorithm——A Case Study in the Shule River Basin. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2015, 30(6):1146-1152. 

45.   Wei Jiaojiao, Mi Peifeng, Xie Yaowen. Study on the Mehods of Vegetation Coverage Remote Sensing Estimation in Desert Oasis——A Case Study of Middle and Lower Reaches Plain in Shule River. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015-11-18; DOI: 10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2015.32.133.

46.   Zhang Juan, Tian Wenting, Xie Yaowen. Spatial-temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in the Shule River Basin. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015-09-01,43(25) :227-230,273; DOI: 10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2015.25.224.

47.   Zhang Lingling, Xie Yaowen, Mu Yachao. Simulation of Land Use Change of Shapingba District, Chongqing City Based on CA Model. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015-08-20,43(24),246-248; DOI: 10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2015.24.226.

48.   Xie Yaowen, Liu Xin, Lv Lili. An Analysis on the Teaching Effects of GIScience Introduction Course. Higher Education of Sciences, 2015-06-20,99-103; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4076.2015.03.017.

49.   Shi Manjiang, Xie Yaowen, Wei Jiaojiao, Cao Qi. Analysis of Process and Exploration of Mode for Rural Urbanization Based on Remote Sensing and GIS. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,31(5),292-300; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.05.041.

50.   Shi Zhilin, Wang Guisheng, Xie Yaowen. Research on the Development and Utilization of Soil and Water Resources in Heihe River Basin between Xixia and Yuan Dynasties. Agricultural History of China, 2014,33(6),83-96.

51.   Shi Feng, Xie Yaowen, Tian Wenting, Jiao Jizong. Evaluation of Regional Construction Land Intensive Use: A Case Study of Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources, 2014,31(5),27-33,40; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-4210.2014.05.005.

52.   Xie Yaowen, Chen Yunhai, Tian Wenting, Fan Zhengang, Xu Yinli. The Spatial-temporal Changes of Shandan Oasis During 1963 to 2012. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2014,49(4),147-153; DOI: 10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2014.04.026.

53.   Xie Yaowen, Jiang Hailan, Lin Xingzhou, Zhao Hong, Wang Haoyu, Dai Dele. Research on the Spatio-temporal Processes of Linze Oasis in Northwest Arid China Over a 50a Period. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014,28(8),55-60; DOI: 10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2014.08.007.

54.   Xie Yaowen, Jiang Hailan, Wang Xueqiang, Ma Zongyi, Chen Yunhai. Spatial-temporal Changes of Oases in Ejin Banner of the Heihe River Basin from 1963 to 2011. Arid Land Geography, 2014,37(4),786-792; DOI: 10.13826/j.cnki.cn65-1103/x.2014.04.017.

55.   Tian Wenting, Xie Yaowen, Chen Yunhai. Human driving forces behind oasis changes in Gaotai County, Gansu Province. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences), 2014,50(2):180-185; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2014.02.009.

56.   Xie Yaowen, Mi Peifeng, Tian Fei. The Temporal and Spatial change of the Oasis in Ganzhou District, Zhangye City of Gansu Province in the Recent Five Decades. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014,33(1):198-205; DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.20131220.0033.

57.   Yan Lijuan, Xie Yaowen, Mi Peifeng, Liu Huifeng. The Thin Cloud Removal Method of Remote Sensing Image Based on Wavelet Transformaton. Mine Surveying, 2013(6):62-65; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-358X.2013.06.18.

58.   Tian Wenting, Xie Yaowen, Chen Yunhai. Spatiotemporal Change of the Oasis in Gaotai County in Recent 50 Years. Arid Zone Research, 2013,30(6):1122-1128; DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2013.06.022.

59.   Zhao Hong, Xie Yaowen. Combining Texture and Vegetation Index to Distinguish between Natural and Artificial Oases——Taking Jinta oasis as an example. Journal of Ningxia University(Natural Science Edition), 2013,34(1):88-92; DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2328.2013.01.021.

60.   Li Haoxu, Xie Yaowen. Analysis on characteristics of climate change in Ejin Banner. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2013,48(1):112-117,124; DOI: 10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2013.01.002.

61.   Xie Yaowen, Yu Lin, Wang Guisheng, Wang Xueqiang, Shi Zhilin. Reconstruction of spatial distribution of cultivated oases in Han-Dynasty Heihe River basin. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2013,49(3):306-312; DOI: 10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2013.03.002.

62.   Wang Guisheng, Xie Yaowen, Wang Xueqiang. Evaluation on Human Activity in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River in Historical Period: A case study on the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Journal of Desert Research, 2013,33(4):1225-1234; DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00173.

63.   Xie Yaowen, Wang Xueqiang, Wang Guisheng, Yu Lin. Cultivated Land Distribution Simulation Based on Grid in Middle Reaches of Heihe River Basin in the Historical Periods. Advances in Earth Science, 2013,28(1):71-7.

64.   Wang Guisheng, Xie Yaowen, Wang Xueqiang, Yu Lin, Shi Zhilin. Data Reconstruction of Heihe River Basin Cultivated Land Area prior to the Ming Dynasty. Resources Science, 2013,35(2):362-369.